Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy, also known as radiation therapy, is a treatment method that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, inhibiting their ability to reproduce and grow. Radiotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy.
Types of Radiotherapy:
External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT): This is the most common type, where a machine directs high-energy beams of radiation at the cancerous area from outside the body. Techniques such as Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) allow for precise targeting, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
Internal Radiotherapy (Brachytherapy): This involves placing radioactive sources directly into or near the tumor. It delivers a high radiation dose to the tumor while sparing nearby healthy tissue. Brachytherapy is often used for cancers of the cervix, prostate, breast, and skin.
Systemic Radiotherapy: This involves administering radioactive substances, usually via oral or intravenous routes, which travel throughout the body to target cancer cells. It is commonly used for thyroid cancer and certain types of lymphoma.
Benefits and Applications:
Cancer Treatment: Radiotherapy is a primary treatment for many cancers, including breast, prostate, lung, and head and neck cancers. It can be curative, particularly in early-stage cancers, or palliative to relieve symptoms in advanced stages.
Post-Surgery: It is used post-operatively to eliminate residual cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence.
Combination Therapy: When combined with chemotherapy, it can enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatment by making cancer cells more susceptible to radiation.
Side Effects:
While radiotherapy is effective, it can cause side effects depending on the treated area. Common side effects include fatigue, skin irritation, and localized pain. Long-term side effects may include fibrosis, changes in skin texture, or secondary cancers, although these are rare.
Advancements:
Advances in radiotherapy techniques have significantly improved its precision and effectiveness. Technologies like image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) and proton therapy offer enhanced targeting and reduced side effects, making treatments safer and more tolerable for patients.
