Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
A Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB) is a surgical procedure used to determine if cancer has spread beyond the primary tumor into the lymphatic system. It is most commonly performed in cases of breast cancer and melanoma but can be used for other types of cancer as well.
Procedure:
Tracer Injection:
- A radioactive substance and/or blue dye is injected near the tumor site.
- This tracer travels through the lymphatic system to the sentinel lymph nodes, the first nodes that receive drainage from the cancer site.
Identification of Sentinel Nodes:
- Using a special probe that detects radioactivity or visually inspecting for the blue dye, the surgeon identifies the sentinel lymph nodes.
Surgical Removal:
- The identified sentinel lymph nodes are surgically removed through a small incision.
- These nodes are then sent to a pathology lab for microscopic examination.
Benefits:
- Minimally Invasive: Compared to a full lymph node dissection, SLNB is less invasive, leading to a quicker recovery and fewer complications.
- Accurate Staging: Helps in accurately staging the cancer, determining the extent of its spread, and planning further treatment.
- Reduced Side Effects: Lower risk of lymphedema (swelling due to lymph fluid) and other complications associated with extensive lymph node removal.
Applications:
- Breast Cancer: Commonly used to check for the spread of breast cancer.
- Melanoma: Used to determine if melanoma has metastasized to the lymph nodes.
- Other Cancers: Can be used in other cancers like gynecologic cancers, head and neck cancers, and certain gastrointestinal cancers.
Risks and Considerations:
- Allergic Reaction: Rarely, patients may have an allergic reaction to the dye.
- Lymphedema: Though less common than with extensive lymph node removal, there is still a small risk of lymphedema.
- Infection and Bleeding: As with any surgical procedure, there is a risk of infection and bleeding at the incision site.
Recovery:
- Outpatient Procedure: Often performed as an outpatient procedure, allowing patients to go home the same day.
- Minimal Downtime: Most patients experience minimal downtime and can return to normal activities within a few days.
- Follow-Up: Regular follow-ups are necessary to monitor for any signs of cancer recurrence or complications from the procedure.
